Science can explain so many things about our human history, earth, planet. It has an explanation about the Copper age, Bronze age, Iron age and how the earth as well as human science was then. Even the continents were once together in a single super continent but are now separate and many more.

But if we start with the Copper Age, also called the Chalcolithic Age (Began 9000 – 11000 years ago) was from around 4000 – 2000 BCE.

During this period humans started using metals first time and it was easily mined. Because it was heating copper they could beat it, melt it, mould it and even mix it with other metals to make it stronger.

Then comes the Bronze age (around 3000 BCE). This age began in Greece and China with the discovery of alloys. Bronze is a yellowish alloy of copper and tin. This age spread across the globe very first since it was used to make weapons, vessels, jewellery, statues and other things. People started travelling faraway lands. New trade routes were established and helped to people more with the inventions of wheels and the sailboat. Knowledge and inventions and trade as well speeded between cultures and human civilization progressed. So the demand of bronze was growing day by day but from this point human was searching for something new to add value in their daily life. People started keeping various necessary records and scripts invented. Cuneiform, the earliest known form of writing, developed in ancient Sumeria. The Chinese developed their script around 1600 – 1046 BCE by throwing oracle bones. The cracks in the bones were considered the word of god and set down by witers.

Over 1200 – 300 BCE, iron replaced bronze as a better alternative. Around 900 BCE, the Egyptians were the first to alloy iron with carbon to create the much lighter and stronger steel. Greece and Rome took a huge advantage to build up their civilization by iron and steel. But on the other side as civilization was upgrading including weapons, several kingdoms started wars among themselves and sometimes it was in large-scale. And by this several kingdoms rose based on their modern weapons and several kingdoms faded during Iron age as well.

Some Inventions

• Earliest evidence of man-made glass is seen in Mesopotamia and Egypt around 3500 BCE.

• The spoked-wheel and chariot are invented (2200 – 1550 BEC)

• The Nebra Sky Disc is the earliest known map of the sky, made by bronze and gold. (1600 BCE)

• The Lydian Lion, world’s oldest coin is made of electrum (mix of gold and silver) (600 BCE)

• The first paved trackway called diolkos is built in ancient Greece. It is a line of grooved paving stones connecting two seaports. Goods ‘trains’ are hauled across it to save shipping costs. (500 – 400 BCE).

• The first battery is made by Parthians in an area that lies in present-day Baghdad. It is made of clay jars filled with vinegar. Inside each jar is a copper cylinder with an iron rod on top. (250 BCE)